Privacy Lawyers for Montana

Online platforms can modify their terms of service and privacy policies without advance notice if: (1) Their terms explicitly allow such changes, and (2) Users continue using the platform after changes are made. However, modifications may still be challenged if they are unconscionable or violate privacy laws, particularly if they significantly impact user rights or data protection. While platforms may have the right to make unannounced changes, the enforceability depends on the specific modifications and their compliance with applicable regulations.

There are myriad laws that govern privacy. In the U.S. there are the U.S. Privacy Act, HIPPA for health info, GLBA for financial, COPPA protecting children, and now more States are adding privacy laws. In 2023 alone, new consumer privacy laws will be effective in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, and Virginia. Doing business internationally? The GDPR in the EU is recognized as something of a gold standard for individual privacy. The GDPR created ongoing obligations for maintains and updating privacy implementation. Companies located anywhere, not just the EU, must appoint a Data Protection Officer (“DPO”) if they have to carry out large scale, regular and systematic monitoring of people, for example online behavior tracking or large scale processing of sensitive (special category) data or data relating to crimes and criminal convictions.

As an online business collecting customer data in Texas, you're right to be concerned about data protection compliance. Data privacy regulations depend on where your customers are and your volume of business. A Data Processing Agreement is a contract between a data controller (you, as the business owner) and a data processor (any third party that processes personal data on your behalf). It establishes the rights and obligations of each party regarding the processing of personal data. It helps ensure compliance with applicable data protection laws. It also discloses to your customers which companies are processing their data. Whether you need a DPA depends on several factors: Third-party services: If you use services like payment processors, cloud storage providers, email marketing platforms, or website hosting that access your customers' personal data, you likely need DPAs with these service providers. Applicable laws: While Texas doesn't have a comprehensive data privacy law like California's CCPA, it does have the new Texas Data Security and Privacy Act, which likely impacts you if your company earns 25%+ of its revenue from selling consumer data or hits other revenue thresholds. Laws in other states and in the EU also might apply. Industry standards: DPAs have become standard practice for demonstrating data protection compliance, regardless of strict legal requirements. Benefits of Implementing a DPA: Even if not strictly required by law in Texas, DPAs offer significant benefits: (1) clarify responsibilities between your business and service providers; (2) reduce legal liability through contractual protections; (3) increase customer trust by demonstrating a commitment to data protection; (4) preparation for evolving data protection laws; and (5) a potential competitive advantage over businesses without such protections. As data privacy regulations evolve, implementing DPAs now positions your business ahead of compliance requirements while building customer trust through demonstrated commitment to data protection. I use one in my practice. You should speak with an attorney who can provide a detailed DPA analysis based on your industry and customers.

You are smart to consider GDPR, but also should consider US Privacy Policies in connection with the agreement. There are several states the already have GDPR level of privacy policies and over 20 states with bills introduced as well. A well formed policy will consider the data collected, where it is stored and how it is transferred, who has access to the data, the purpose of the data for use in the app, the ability to sell or reuse the data for additional purposes, and when the data should be deleted. This process should be contemplated and consistent within employee manuals, data access procedures, and implemented in master services agreements across all vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers. One final note is that you need to practice what you write, because a published privacy policy that is not followed may be considered a deceptive trade practice by the FTC resulting in fines on top of the costs of a breach.

If your website uses cookies to track visitors, you may be subject to strict privacy laws in the United States, Europe, Canada, and beyond, including the GDPR, UK GDPR/PECR, California’s CCPA/CPRA, and Quebec’s Law 25. Failing to comply can expose businesses (even small e-commerce sites) to fines, audits, or enforcement actions. GDPR, UK GDPR, and PECR If you have users in the EU or UK, the strictest rules apply. Non-essential cookies such as analytics, advertising, or social media tracking can’t be dropped until a user has given valid consent. Valid consent under GDPR must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous. That means no pre-ticked boxes, no “by continuing to browse you consent,” and no dark patterns where “Reject All” is buried or harder to find than “Accept All.” Essential cookies, like those used to keep items in a cart or for login security, don’t require consent but still must be disclosed. Users must be able to withdraw consent just as easily as they gave it, which usually means a persistent “Cookie Settings” link at the bottom of the site. ePrivacy Directive This European law creates the consent requirement for storing or accessing information on a user’s device. It works alongside the GDPR, which sets the standard for what valid consent looks like. Together they form the backbone of EU cookie regulation. California CCPA/CPRA In California, the rules are different. You don’t need opt-in consent for cookies (except for minors), but you do need to provide disclosures and an opt-out. If you allow third-party advertising or analytics cookies that could qualify as “selling” or “sharing” personal information, you’re required to display a clear “Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information” link. You must also process the Global Privacy Control (GPC) browser signal automatically as an opt-out. For minors, there are special rules: under 13 requires parental consent for selling or sharing, and between 13 and 16 requires the user’s own opt-in. Other U.S. State Laws States like Colorado, Connecticut, and Virginia now require opt-outs for targeted advertising and profiling. Colorado goes a step further and requires honoring state-designated universal opt-out mechanisms, not just GPC. This means your systems need to detect and act on these browser signals in real time. Quebec’s Law 25 Quebec has taken a more EU-style approach. Non-essential cookies and other tracking technologies require prior, express consent. If you’re serving Canadian users, especially in Quebec, you’ll need to design your banner and policy closer to GDPR standards. What to Include in a Cookies Policy A legally compliant policy should be easy to find, typically linked in your site footer and from the banner itself. It should contain: • A plain language explanation of what cookies are and why you use them • Categories of cookies (necessary, preference, analytics, advertising) with examples and purposes • Duration of storage (session vs. persistent cookies) • Identification of third-party cookies, including names of providers and links to their policies • Instructions for users on how to manage or withdraw consent, both on your site and through browser settings • A description of how refusal of non-essential cookies may affect site functionality • Contact details for privacy inquiries and a clear “last updated” date Compliance in Practice Use a consent management platform or a tag manager configuration that blocks all non-essential cookies until consent is given in the EU, UK, and Quebec. Design your banner so “Accept All” and “Reject All” are equally visible, with a “Customize” option for granular control. Keep consent logs that record when consent was given, which categories were selected, and the version of the banner in use at the time. Regulators may ask to see this. If you’re covered by CCPA/CPRA or other U.S. state laws, make sure your systems detect and act on GPC or state-mandated universal opt-out mechanisms. If you’re relying on third-party ad tech or analytics vendors, check their contracts to confirm they’ll honor these signals downstream. Avoid cookie walls that block access unless a user accepts all cookies. European regulators generally view that as invalid because consent isn’t freely given if there’s no real choice. Review and update your policy regularly. If you change vendors, add new tracking tools, or alter how you use cookies, update the policy and refresh the banner if needed. Protect Your Business Regulators are imposing multimillion-dollar fines for cookie violations. Contracts Counsel’s privacy attorneys can draft compliant policies and consent systems tailored to your business and aligned with 2025 legal requirements.